This course covers examination of the physical and pathologic changes in selected major human systems or organs. These contents will lay the foundation for clinical assessment, decision making, treatments choices and care interventions. For each class, the four major parts to be addressed are: (1) etiology (cause of the disease; (2) pathogenesis, (3) clinical manifestations (sign, symptoms, and disease process presenting in the patient), and (4) treatments and related supportive interventions. Important clinical examinations or clinical check-up examinations will be also introduced in this class to enhance students’ abilities in clinical assessment and judgments.